Caring the Sharing Apps–Exploration of the Factors Affecting User Satisfaction with Sharing Economy Apps

Sharing economy-based services are more prevalent in contemporary society, especially after the covid-19 pandemic. However, from the user's perspective, it is still unclear what factors define the success of sharing economy-based apps. To address this issue, we conducted a study using an integrated theoretical framework that incorporated cognitive load theory, social network theory, and theory of planned behavior. 448 samples were collected from three tourist destinations in India to test the model. The results showed that mobile app user interface, interaction, and social networking would positively impact user satisfaction with sharing economy-based apps. User satisfaction also leads to recommendation and continuance intention. The study findings have several implications and recommendations for future studies on sharing economy apps. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Cytokine storm-based mechanisms for extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Viral illnesses like SARS-CoV-2 have pathologic effects on nonrespiratory organs in the absence of direct viral infection. We injected mice with cocktails of rodent equivalents of human cytokine storms resulting from SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 or rhinovirus common cold infection. At low doses, COVID-19 cocktails induced glomerular injury and albuminuria in zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) hypomorph and Zhx2+/+ mice to mimic COVID-19-related proteinuria. Common Cold cocktail induced albuminuria selectively in Zhx2 hypomorph mice to model relapse of minimal change disease, which improved after depletion of TNF-α, soluble IL-4Rα, or IL-6. The Zhx2 hypomorph state increased cell membrane to nuclear migration of podocyte ZHX proteins in vivo (both cocktails) and lowered phosphorylated STAT6 activation (COVID-19 cocktail) in vitro. At higher doses, COVID-19 cocktails induced acute heart injury, myocarditis, pericarditis, acute liver injury, acute kidney injury, and high mortality in Zhx2+/+ mice, whereas Zhx2 hypomorph mice were relatively protected, due in part to early, asynchronous activation of STAT5 and STAT6 pathways in these organs. Dual depletion of cytokine combinations of TNF-α with IL-2, IL-13, or IL-4 in Zhx2+/+ mice reduced multiorgan injury and eliminated mortality. Using genome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9, an insertion upstream of ZHX2 was identified as a cause of the human ZHX2 hypomorph state.

Lectins and polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2

Proteins with hemagglutination properties that were later demonstrated to be sugar-specific and eventually termed lectins have been found in nature but they sparked little interest until around two decades ago. Lectins are naturally occurring bioactive proteins and glycoproteins that have the potential to bind glycans found on viruses' envelope glycoproteins or viral surface glycans, inhibiting virus penetration into host cells and transmission. The infectious virion particles of SARS-CoV-2 are surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope generated from the host cell during budding. The envelope glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2, like those of other enveloped viruses, play a role in viral adherence and entrance. In SARS, coronavirus is susceptible to mannose-specific lectins. These lectins inhibit viral development by interfering with viral attachment during the early stages of the replication cycle. Similarly, certain sulfated polysaccharides bind firmly to the heparan sulfate co-receptor in host tissues and interfere with the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 (in vitro), thus inhibiting the COVID-19 infection. Lectins and polysaccharides might be considered leading compounds for developing novel antiviral strategies owing to their capacity to block viral entrance and replication in the host cell. Lectin-carbohydrate interactions can also be utilized to create diagnostic devices that target viral glycoproteins or host glycoprotein changes during viral infections, allowing for quick, accurate, and cost-effective detection of infected people. Altogether, the data compiled in this chapter highlights the importance of lectins and polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 to provide potential solutions for emerging complex aspects of different health challenges. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Covid-19 in Different Universities across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

There have been 6,566,610 fatalities and 626,337,158 reported cases of COVID-19 worldwide. Pakistan presently has over 1,573,922 confirmed cases and 30,625 deaths. A survey-based study was performed from January to September 2022 among different university communities to find out their KAP level. Data was collected in Google Forms through a questionnaire. The Independent t-test, Multinomial regressions, and Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to assess the level of significance (p-value ≤0.05). 317 out of 605 participants were male (52.5 %), the majority of participants were 15-29 years old (72.7 %), unmarried/divorced (71.6 %), have no children (82.1 %), residing in the urban area (54.9 %) and possess a college/university degree (59.5 %). The majority of participants correctly answered five out of six knowledge questions (M = 4.96, SD = 1.03) and correctly identified the primary symptoms of COVID-19 (94.4 %) along with the proper identification of mode of transmission (95.2 %) while 1.8% wrongly replied and 2.1 % did not reply. A knowledge test revealed the significant frequency of misconception, with nearly half of the respondents (46.3 %) assuming that illness might be contracted by eating or coming into touch with wild animals. Wearing a facial mask is highly practiced (M = 3.59, SD = 0.91), followed by avoiding crowded places (M = 3.44, SD = 0.95) and practicing hand hygiene (M = 3.36, SD = 1.04). Females, the elderly, and the less educated, on the other hand, have less understanding of COVID-19, making them especially susceptible to the pandemic. It is proposed that further awareness might contribute to a favorable attitude and practice. © Pakistan Academy of Sciences.

Assessment of the Lifestyle and Practice among Covid 19 Patients toward the Disease in Ramadi City-2021

Background: Because of the rapid spread of the covid 19 as a pandemic, unexpected measures had been done to control this pandemic all over the world. the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward the disease are important to implement these measures [1]. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study of convenience nonprobability sampling was done that which 400 previous covid 19 detected patients were interviewed in Al-Andalus health center of Ramadi city during the period from September- to December 2021. Results: The study revealed that the average mean age was 40±14 years that 60% of the patients were over 40 years in which more than half of them had cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. 55% (220) of the patients were females that most of them were housewives and had not graduated while 45% (180) of them were males, smokers, working, and graduated. 50% (200) were obese and 25% (100) were overweight with BMI was 35, 38 for males and females respectively concerning 34% were gaining weight. Only 35% of patients had changed toward a healthier lifestyle by changing their diet habits, and physical activity, because of worry from complications. There was a positive correlation between sex, knowledge, and education, P value<0.001. Regarding practice toward corona preventive measures, 50% of the patients had hygiene measures at home and preventive measures with people. 20% (50) of them had taken garlic, vegetables, and fruit frequently, had donned physical activity with sunlight exposure, and had an agreement for vaccination. Most of the patients were anxious. For dietary patterns, more than half of the patients had fatty-junky food, a lot of carbohydrates, home sweets frequently, with la ack of intake of garlic, fish, vegetables, orange juices, fruits, and doing exercise. © 2022, ResearchTrentz Academy Publishing Education Services. All rights reserved.

Service Evaluation of the Management of Acute Cholecystitis in the Royal Gwent Hospital Pre and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Aim: NICE guidelines set out the criteria for the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis and the operative timescales for cholecystectomy. These targets were greatly affected during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact that COVID-19 had on patients presenting with acute cholecystitis at a busy district general hospital. June 2020, compared with patients who presented with the same in June 2019. Method: Patient cohorts were identified for matching seasons pre- and post-covid-19 (June 2019 and June 2020). Data of all patients who presented with acute cholecystitis was obtained using an electronic patient management system. Statistical analyses were performed using a Wilcoxon test. Results: The results of the study indicate that waiting times post-covid are going down (p<0.05). Thus, days until cholecystectomy have decreased but the number of patients being operated on too has decreased thus further worsening waiting times for elective patients. The median and IQR's of days to surgery post-covid are 198 (121.5-278) and pre-covid are 251 (89.5-586.5). Presentations of gallstone complications almost doubled post-covid and the percentage of patients operated on decreased by over 20%. Conclusions: It is clear from the data that the NICE guidance on the management of acute cholecystitis has been difficult to adhere to during the pandemic. While the time from diagnosis to operation has reduced post-covid the total number of operations has decreased drastically, putting further strain on elective waiting lists. This, inevitably, will result in further presentations of complications from gallstones and adverse patient outcomes.

Duration of viral shedding in patients with COVID-19 and the redetectable positive cases with SARS-CoV-2: A hospital experience.

Background: The study aimed to estimate the duration of viral shedding (DVS) in patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), investigated the factors affecting that duration, and identified the redetectable positive (RP) cases in the recovered COVID-19 patients in Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC). Methods: The study was a retrospective record base design in the PSMMC that included 171 confirmed COVID-19 patients from 15 March to 31 May 2020. Their clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were retrieved and reviewed based on the PSMMC COVID-19 database and the Ministry of Health (MOH) Health Electronic Surveillance Network. Data analysis used the SPSS software package to measure the DVS, explore its potential factors, and identify the RP cases. The data presented as frequency distribution tables, medians, and interquartile range (IQR). Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests compared the medians to explore the significant variables that affect DVS. Results: The median DVS was 11 days, IQR was 7 to 15 days, and statistically significant longer the patient presented with fever (P = 0.025), among health care workers (HCWs) (P = 0.020), and the age group above 65 (P = 0.039). Overall, 13 patients (7.6%) were RP, statistically significantly higher among the contacts to confirmed COVID-19 cases. Conclusions: The DVS in PSMMC COVID-19 patients is comparable to the isolation period approved by MOH. Fever was a risk factor for a prolonged DVS, advised an extended follow-up period for these patients. RP cases were significantly higher among the contacts to COVID-19 cases than non-contacts. The study suggests future comprehensive research on the RP characteristics.

Optimal Kernel Extreme Learning Machine for COVID-19 Classification on Epidemiology Dataset

Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses various domains such as Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and other cognitive technologies which have been widely applied in healthcare sector. AI models are utilized in healthcare sector in which the machines are used to investigate and make decisions based on prediction and classification of input data. With this motivation, the current study involves the design of Metaheuristic Optimization with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine for COVID19 Prediction Model on Epidemiology Dataset, named MOKELM-CPED technique. The primary aim of the presented MOKELM-CPED model is to accomplish effectual COVID-19 classification outcomes using epidemiology dataset. In the proposed MOKELM-CPED model, the data first undergoes pre-processing to transform the medical data into useful format. Followed by, data classification process is performed by following Kernel Extreme (SOS) optimization algorithm is utilized to fine tune the KELM parameters which consequently helps in achieving high detection efficiency. In order to investigate the improved classifier outcomes of MOKELM-CPED model in an effectual manner, a comprehensive experimental analysis was conducted and the results were inspected under diverse aspects. The outcome of the experiments infer the enhanced performance of the proposed method over recent approaches under distinct measures.

COVID-19 Vaccines: Community Myths Vs Facts

Objective: To determine the reasons for hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb to Jun 2021. Methodology: After Ethical Committee approval, 100 respondents were recruited, regardless of vaccination status, and requested to respond to 27 different myths and queries circulating about COVID-19 vaccines. Results: Mean age of participants was 36.25 ± 5.77 years, ranging from 15-80 years. Fifty-three were males and 47 females. 41% of subjects trusted the Sino-pharm vaccine, and 25% preferred Pfizer Bio N Tech, while 34% could not answer due to the lack of knowledge. 55% subjects showed concern about catching the infection from Vaccination. 54% considered vaccines unsafe for pregnant and breastfeeding women. 29% believed it unsafe for the elderly and those with comorbidities. 14% believed it could cause autism in children and infertility in adults. 62% individuals acknowledged that vaccines have no nano chips to track patients. 46% opined that vaccines were rushed through trials and had doubtful efficacy. 11% individuals thought vaccines could alter DNA, while most were aware of this false concept. 28% considered that vaccines were needless because recovery from COVID-19 was excellent, while 63% emphasised the need for Vaccination. 23% deemed the side effects of vaccines more dangerous than the disease itself. 85% individuals favoured use of mask and social distancing after getting the vaccine. Conclusion: Strong efforts are needed to support the COVID-19 vaccine and to eliminate negative propaganda on media outlets. © 2022, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.

Wearable Piezoelectric BioMEMS-based Sensor for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus Droplets Detection

Viral diagnostic is essential to the fields of medicine and bio-nanotechnology, but such analyses can present some complex analytical challenges. While molecular methods that are mostly used in clinical laboratories, for instance, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antigens tests require long acquisition times, and often provides unreliable results for COVID-19 virus detection, the piezo-based sensors coupled with MEMS have demonstrated a significant role in robust viral detection. In this work, we have designed and simulated a piezoelectric MEMS-based biosensor integrated into a wearable face mask for early detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus droplets. We systematically investigated the influence of virus droplets in changing the applied stress on the cantilever receptor pit with change in mass when viruses (pathogens) from airborne coughing droplets-nuclei binds with coated antibodies on the sensor's cantilever layer with receptor pit thereby generating electric potential. Additionally, Bio-MEMS sensor results have manifested that it has the ability to detect a single size particle of 1 virion with a diameter ≥100 nm and mass of 1fg in a single cough containing droplet nuclei of radius 0.05μm in a less amount of time. Additionally, we empirically set electrical potential as thresholds parameter for our wearable biosensor embedded in the face mask for public monitoring to detect contagious virus particle droplets. Furthermore, this study presented the prospective use of MEMS-based sensing method to identify and detect other biological (bacteria and toxins) analytes. © 2021 IEEE.

The Development of Point-of-Care Plasmonic-based Biosensor for Early Detection of COVID-19 Virus

The current impact of COVID-19 on global health and the economy is enormous. Considering pandemic severity, there is an urgent need to develop a smart biosensor that can provide early detection of SARS-CoV-2 viruses with robust and reliable results. In this work, we have systematically developed a plasmonic-based biosensor chip for the early detection of the COVID-19 virus by providing fast and reliable results. The label-free plasmonic sensor utilizes light and detects the resonance oscillation of surface-bound free conduction electrons in the presence of the target analyte biomarker (virus), resulting in binding and affinity incidents at the surface of plasmonic gold (Au) material, causing a shift in the resonance wavelength. The results show the ability of biosensor to exhibit an increased shift in the resonance wavelength upon binding of the COVID-19 virus because of the change in the optical property, i.e., the refractive index of the medium in the vicinity of the Au film. This study further demonstrated the fabrication and performance optimization of the plasmonic biosensor for the potential point-of-care testing device. © 2021 IEEE.

Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Patients Recovering from COVID-19

Background. Muscle and joint problems are recognized complications following acute infection of coronavirus infection. Long Covid is the recognized term now that is given to symptoms like fatigue, myalgia, respiratory and neurological problems that occur or persist in recovery phase. Objective. The objective of the present study is to identify the long term musculo-skeletal complications of SARS-CoV2 infection in a sample of 367 individuals and to analyze the relation between the intensity of these complications and severity of illness. Methods. COVID PCR positive patients were enrolled in this study. COVID-19 symptoms at the time of infection and musculoskeletal symptoms like fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, muscle weakness, cracking or popping sound from joints and muscle stiff-ness in recovery period were asked from patients. The intensity of these symptoms was also recorded for these symptoms. The data was described in frequency and percent-ages mostly where P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. 187 hospitalized and 180 non hospitalized patients were analyzed in this study. Results showed that a quite large percentage of the enrolled patients suffered from fatigue (55%), myalgia (39%), arthralgia (25%), and muscle weakness (12%) during the 6 months following the confirmed date of COVID 19 infection. No relation between severity of COVID 19 infection and musculoskeletal complications was identified. Conclusions. Most patients had at least one or more symptoms which emphasize the persistence of musculoskeletal problems after recovery from acute illness. The health-care workers need to be vigilant about such problems and plan further steps such as providing rehabilitation for such individuals. © 2022, EDRA S.p.A. All rights reserved.

EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH RISK COVID-19 PATIENTS USING HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent respiratory infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with serious complications, severe acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, and coagulopathies. Complete blood count (CBC) is a routine inexpensive and easy test that provides information regarding formed blood content such as white blood cells (WBC), platelet, neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) to detect degree of inflammation. This study attempts to assess, at an early phase of the disease, the prognosis of COVID-19 patients and predict high risk patients who will most probably develop ARDS and cytokine storm by analyzing blood cells count. This study is a single-center case series on COVID‐19 patients who were prospectively analyzed at Al-Furat General Hospital in Baghdad from March to August 2020. Up to 123 Covid-19 patients in two groups, 100 who survived versus 23 who did not survive were included. Patients with abnormal renal and hepatic tests were excluded. Results revealed that the median age of patients was 40 years, ranging from 2-84 years of age. Males (61.8%) were more affected by COVID-19 than females (38.2%). Survived patients exhibited far lowered WBC count (6.06±3.17) than non-survived patients (11.4±6.08;p<0.0001). Lymphocyte count in survived patients (1.6±1.1) were higher than non-survived patients (1.1±0.4;p<0.004). Neutrophils showed lower count (3.7±2.7) in survived patients than non-survived patients (8.9±4.5). Also, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis for NLR, LMR and PLR revealed a cut off value for abnormally high or low NLR >5, LMR ≤1.8, and PLR >176 with area under curve (AUC) 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6, respectively. These cut off values represent landmarks above or below which poor prognosis and non-survival is highly predicted. NLR was found to be the most prognostic index to detect bad prognosis and non-survival of the disease at 90% sensitivity, followed by LMR and then PLR. The percentage of non-survived patients who had abnormally high NLR (82.6%), LMR (65.2%) and PLR (56.5%) were far higher than survived patients (NLR: 9%;LMR: 8%;PLR: 22%).

NONLINEAR MODELING OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISEASE COVID-19 BY ADOPTING THE METHOD OF SAMPLING BY REFERENCE

Corona virus is a widespread family known to cause diseases ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as Middle East Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This virus was emerging for the first time on December 31/12/2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, after a group of viral pneumonia cases were reported. The risks of this disease increased with severe complications among people aged 60 years and over and people, who suffer from medical problems such as high blood pressure or heart problems. lungs, diabetes, obesity, cancer etc. However, any person may come in contact with this disease and suffer from serious complications or may die at any age. The time required for illness until symptoms appear is from five to six days, but it ranges from one to fourteen days, so the infected are advised to stay at home during this period to prevent the spread of the virus, the most common symptoms of this disease are (fever, dry cough, stress), in addition to other less common symptoms (loss of taste and smell, nasal congestion, headache etc). Almost all people (80%), who do not show symptoms recover from the disease without taking treatment from the hospital. About 15% of them are in critical condition and need oxygen and 5% of them become critical and need intensive care. The seriousness of this disease and the speed of its spread in most countries in the world in general and in Iraq in particular, an applied study was conducted on a sample of 220 patients, who were exposed to infection during a certain period of time (1/6-31/8/2020) in a hospital (Ibn Al-Balady), Epidemiology Department, to find out the factors affecting the disease (age, gender, diabetes, blood pressure, smoking etc.), based on some appropriate health models to study the pandemic (Covid-19) and the bootstrap method was used to find the best estimates. © 2021 DAV College. All rights reserved.

Transient Myocardial Ischemia in a Case Post Infra-Muscular Adrenaline

Background: Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. Kounis syndrome is myocardial infarction or injury occurring in the setting of anaphylaxis and can also be due to the effects of epinephrine. Adrenaline is a common drug in the management of anaphylaxis but the electrocardiographic consequences of its administration post an attack are seldomly seen. Vasospasm is generally the cause for myocardial injury in an acute setting following the administration of epinephrine. Case Presentation: A 21-year- old female developed sudden onset breathlessness and giddiness post vaccination with the oxford -AstraZeneca COVID -19 vaccine. She was administered 0.5 ml adrenaline (1:1000) intramuscularly on the lateral aspect of the left thigh, following which she complained of chest tightness and palpitations. This was accompanied by hypotension and global ST segment depression on her Electrocardiogram. The second electrocardiogram, done after 30 minutes showed a relative resolution in ST segment depressions with sinus rhythm in the one done at 16:00 hours. Creatine Kinase- MB and Troponin I were within normal limits and the patient experienced symptomatic improvement with normalization of blood pressure post fluid challenge. Conclusion: This case report highlights the case of a young female with no comorbidities who developed transient myocardial ischemia after administration of intramuscular adrenalin in therapeutic dose in view of an anaphylactic reaction. The probable action is alpha mediated coronary vasospasm. The potential adverse effects in an acute setting are hence outlined in this case report without discouraging its use given the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Price efficiency and safe-haven property of Bitcoin in relation to stocks in the pandemic era

Purpose When investors experience extreme uncertainty, they seek "safe havens" to reduce their risk, to limit their losses and to protect the value of their portfolios. The purpose of this paper is to examine the safe-haven properties of Bitcoin compared to the stock market. Design/methodology/approach Based on intraday data, this study compares the price efficiencies of Bitcoin and Morgan Stanley Capital Index (MSCI) using Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis for the second half of 2020. This study then evaluates Bitcoin's safe-haven property using Detrended Partial-Cross-Correlation Analysis (DPCCA). Findings This study finds that the price efficiency of Bitcoin is lower than that of MSCI. Further, Bitcoin was not a safe haven at any time for the MSCI index. The net cross-correlations between Bitcoin and MSCI are weak and they vary at different time scales. Research limitations/implications The behavior of market prices varies over time. Therefore, it is important to replicate this study for other time periods. Social implications The paper sheds light on the price behavior of Bitcoin during a period of instability. The results suggest that the construction of portfolios should differ based on the time horizons of the investors. Originality/value The authors compare Bitcoin against a global equity index instead of a specific country index or commodity. They also demonstrate the applicability of DPCCA in finance research.

Comparison of Efficacy and Antibody Levels among Healthcare Providers after Second Dose of Two Different COVID Vaccines

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant death and morbidity rates around the globe. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been linked to 43.3 million confirmed cases worldwide, killing 1.15 million people. Physical separation, quarantine, and isolation were successful in minimizing the number of individuals who became sick during the epidemic, but the lack of immunity in the community makes them vulnerable to further waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Elderly persons (those 60 and older) and those with pre-existing medical problems are particularly vulnerable. Material and Methods: In this observation study, people who were vaccinated with sinopharm vaccine and sinovac vaccine were included to see the response of vaccine in the body. The aim of the study was to compare the rise in the antibody level after 2 doses of two different COVID-19 vaccines i.e sinopharm and sinovac. Initially, in this pilot study, 40 people were included randomly from our health care team, after proper informed consent regarding the study. Results: Among total 40 people were involved, male were 21 of 40 (52.5%) and female were 19 of 40 (47.5%). Most of the individuals were doctors (26 of 40, 65%). Mean age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) are also shown below. Conclusion: This study was to report the response of people of Pakistan toward sinopharm and sinoVac vaccines in terms of COVID antibody level. Response of the body was around 40 to 50% for sinopharm and 50 to 70 percent towards CoronaVac vaccine. Further data collection is being done to improve sample size and better outcome.

A review on severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS CoV-2)

Coronavirus has attracted a lot of attention due to its ability to cause fatal zoonotic infections. These are the zoonotic viruses of both medical and veterinary importance. The virus spread through respiratory droplets and causes diseases, ranging from colds to more serious illnesses: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Respiratory Syndrome, and Severe Respiratory Syndrome 2. The prevalence rate is high during winter and spring. Genomes of coronaviruses have large enveloped +RNA. First human corona viruses, causing respiratory diseases, were identified in 1960s, but they were not considered highly pathogenic to humans until severe respiratory syndrome broke out in China during 2003. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and novel Corona Virus Disease (nCOVID-19) or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 have increased the interest in this viral family. The Coronavirus-19 is a novel strain that was recently discovered in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. Studies revealed that reservoir of all the three fatal coronaviruses was bat with variation in the intermediate host i.e. civet cats for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, dromedary camel for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and bat or pangolin for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2. Numerous well-known corona viruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans, while previously identified viruses could only be the tip of the iceberg, possibly with more novel and severe zoonotic events unfolding. Coronaviruses can be controlled with the global community's special attention and prophylaxis. However, in this review we will talk about the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2.